فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 10 (زمستان 1392)

Since the field of behavior in supreme education is a multi-dimensional concept and it is the source of effect in it، it has become the focus of attention in a lot of universities. The variety of research in the field of professional behavior has caused researchers and those in charge to face a lot of variables and aspects regarding it. But very rarely the employers’ viewpoints and experiences about influential factors on professional behavior has been investigated. Hence، it is vital to carry out an investigation which clarifies the variables of professional behavior and the relationship among them alongside a comprehensive insight. The present study considers this issue in two parts. The first part comprises determining influential variables in professional behavior based upon experiences، viewpoints، and understandings of key informants; and the second part، employing a systematic model، indicates the relationship between the presented variables in supreme education policy. This research has been carried out in Shahid- Bahonar University، Medical Sciences، Payame Noor and Azad University of Kerman using a grounded theory method. In this research the content of the interviews of 37 key informants were analyzed theoretically and semi-structurally. The analysis of data was done in a thematic way in line with simultaneous and continuous comparison with data collection; afterwards 395 primary codes were extracted after plunging and analysis of data. The findings of this study confirms the existence of 5 shading themes and 17 subordinate themes including: 1. Individual ethic factors (individual ethical standards، deep belief، self-control، conscience)، 2. Management factors (model roles of managers، benevolent behavior، cooperation in making decisions)، 3. Organizational factors (selection and implementation، strategic ethical plans، organizational culture)، 4. Factors of occupational ethics (educational ethics، research ethics، and communication ethics) 5. Factors beyond organizations (culture، political conditions، public confidence، financial conditions); and at last، the relationships between variables were indicated through system model which affects the process of professional behavior. The results of this study specify the influential factors on professional ethics in supreme education. The point of high significance is that participants focus highly on individual themes such as job conscience and divine supervision. Considering the field of strategic factors، Institutional and public confidence are of considerable significance.

Considering providing services, nurses establish their activities based on shared ethical values which are reflected in the professional codes of ethics. Since patients are the cornerstone of health organizations, the present study has been conducted aiming at determining the level of compliance of codes of professional ethics to provide the context to describe current situation and better planning to enhance compliance of these codes. In this cross - sectional study, 210 patients from Jahrom University of Medical Sciences participated which were selected using randomized quota sampling. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire that investigates compliance of codes of professional ethics by nurses in two fields of clinical services and professional commitment based on Likert scale (1 = never to 4 = always). The mean of compliance of codes of professional ethics by nurses was reported 78.67± 18.92.The highest compliance mean was associated to the code "respecting patient's privacy while caring" with mean 3.69±2.99 (total of 0 to 4) and the lowest mean compliance was associated to the code "report of the complaint of the patients to the ward head" with mean 2.76 ± 1.35(total of 0 to 4). With respect to good compliance of codes of professional ethic by nurses, it seems that preserving and promoting present situation and identifying the causes of the occurrence of some shortcomings in the compliance of codes of professional ethics by nurses must be considered by the relevant authorities.

Hope" has an important role in human "education" and "mental health". In Quran view "Raja" (Hope) is for expansion of joy in the heart for beloved matter, if a person has obtained more of its preparation to reach to beloved and get the heart peace. The purpose of this article is expression of educational function of "Hope". So, in descriptive- analytical method and with Quran- Narrative approach studies the principles and factors of "Hope" and concludes: In Quran view, "Hope" is achieved because of two approaches: cognitive and behavioral. Humans with "self-biology" reach to "God biology", and it causes: "self believe" and "God- centered". In Quran view, "Hope" in educational dimension is mobility factor and causes the action that raises the efficiency and makes: strengthening of patience might, sense of happiness, efficiency, training and … that all of them are associated with human mental health.

Values in each organization consists its foundation of culture and baseof all values is moral values. These values assist to establishing and maintaining standards that affecting on guiding persons to affairs that are useful for the organization. Today ethics and moral values have become one of the most important phenomenons that are considered in most organization. Due to the lack of study about status of moral values in hospitals, research in this field is necessary. This study is descriptive and sectional that executed inhospitals attached to Tehran and Iran university of medical sciences. Four general hospitals and 180 nurses and related persons were selected and Lavel’s moral values questionnaire that was translated by Alvani was used after its reliability and validity was accepted. 170 persons answered the questionnaires that 69% were female with an average age of 36 years and an average experience work of 5/12 years. Total average of the status of moral values was 33/25 from 45 that was between middle andparty weak. As thestatus of moral values is not so favorable in hospitals, the responsibilities of Health System should pay attention to education (ethics in hospitals), strategic view (ethics in health system) and fair compensation for services as a key for promoting and developing ethics in health system.

This survey conducted with purpose of investigating “status of kinship relations and [seley-rahem] in everyday family relationship”. Study population is 18 age above of Tehran citizens. Sample size was 400 person that obtained with Cochran formula.Results indicate that 56.6 percent of respondents have relationship with relatives through face to face relation, 26.1 percent through phone, 6 percent of them through message and 1 percent through emailing and enveloping letter have relations with family and relatives. Also finding show that 31.6 percent of respondents visit close relatives at least once a week, 23.6 percent more times in a week, 22.3 percent every day, 14.3 percent monthly, 5.5 percent once in two or more month, 2 percent once in a year and 3 percent of respondents never visit the relatives. Results indicate that 95.5 percent of sample study believes that the visiting relatives and [seley-rahem] have been decreased. 40.8 percent of respondents said that cause of decreasing relationship with relatives is economic problems and increasing costs, 18.9 percent of them involvement and everyday life problems, 12.6 of them percent having not more free times, 9.9 percent increasing envy and jealousy and immoderation and indulgence, 6.8 percent of them thechnogical advancements and modernizing the life and increasing relations through message, 3 percent of them lowering amour between people, 1.9 percent weakness of religiosity are causes of lowering relationships between relatives.Findings show that 33.6 percent of 65 percent of peoples that visit close and face to face said that have relationships with relatives in holidays.Result of regression analysis show that affecting factors (positive attitude on seley-rahem and achieving social support) in degree of relationship with relatives have explained 23 percent of total correlation.

How we treat animals is a subject of one branch of applied ethics called animal ethics. there are several approaches in animal ethics: analytic, continental, pragmatic and theological. On the other hand, ethicists have applied classic theories of ethics in this field and have taken up a position on animals. these theories are placed on two groups: (1) direct theories, (2) indirect theories. Kantianism and social contract are samples of indirect theories. Direct theories divided into two groups: theories believe in equality of animals and human beings, and theories believe in inequality. Researcher in ethics that aware of these approaches and theories applies them in particular subjects - like experiment on animals, using them in zoos and circuses, .... This essay intends to introduce these main frames in animal ethics, and suggests the best approach for society of Iran.